Tarbiat Modares University Pathobiology Research 2538-3000 25 3 2022 04 01 Deep Brain Stimulation for Epilepsy 32 35 19452 EN Mahmoud Rezaei Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Navid Heidari Journal Article <span>Novel antiepileptic drugs (AED) are now available. However, many epileptic patients still find the condition difficult to handle. Drug therapy does not work for about one-third of the cases and not all people who will benefit from surgery. The use of electric current as a treatment option has emerged since the late twentieth century. Inhibition of synapse activity is a way that low-frequency stimulation (LFS) prevents epileptic activity. It will enhance the endocytosis of AMPA-type glutamate receptors and activate calcineurin, thereby leading to long-term depression (LTD). High-frequency stimulation (HFS) also contributes to the control of epilepsy by increasing the membrane permeability of neurons. Nonetheless, the detailed mechanisms responsible for these effects are still unknown. More research is required to fine-tune electrical stimulation parameters and yield better results in epilepsy patient care.</span> https://mjms.modares.ac.ir/article_19452_c314d02582ee0c4cc460ea3e470bb4d4.pdf