Effects of High Fat Diet and High Intensity Aerobic Training on Interleukin 6 Plasma Levels in Rats

Authors
R. Fathi 1
M. Ebrahimi 1
S. Khenar Sanami 2
1 Department of Exercise Physiology, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran
2 Department of Exercise Physiology, Mazandaran Olum-Tahghighat branch of Islamic Azad University, Mazandaran, Iran
Abstract
Objective: Interleukin 6 (IL6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in obesity and related metabolic disorders. Also, exercise training has been offered in obesity prevention and immune system improvement. Hence, this study intends to survey the effects of high fat diet and high intensity aerobic training on plasma levels of IL6 in rats.
Methods: We divided 28 male Wistar rats into two control groups with normal (CN) or high fat (CH) diet and two training groups with normal (EN) or high fat (EH) diet. The training groups ran for 60 minutes on a treadmill at 35 m/min for 5 days/week (75% VO2 max). After 8 weeks, we collected blood samples for plasma IL6 assessment. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis (P≤0.05).
Results: The high fat diet significantly increased the rats’ weights and plasma IL6 levels. Performance of 8 weeks of high intensity aerobic training increased IL6 levels in the normal diet group and decreased IL6 levels in the high fat diet group. This change was not significant in the normal diet group.
Conclusion: High fat diets probably induced inflammation due to elevated IL6 levels. High intensity aerobic training for 8 weeks significantly decreased IL6 levels.

Keywords

[1] Fried SK, Bunkin DA, Greenberg AS. Omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues of obese subjects release interleukin-6: depot difference and regulation by glucocorticoid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83(3): 847-50.
[2] Oberbach A, Lehmann S, Kirsch K, Krist J, Sonnabend M, Linke A, Tönjes A, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Kovacs P. Long-term exercise training decreases interleukin-6 (IL-6) serum levels in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: effect of the -174G/C variant in IL-6 gene. Eur J Endocrinol 2008; 159(2): 129-36.
[3] Zirlik A, Abdullah SM, Gerdes N, MacFarlane L, Schönbeck U, Khera A, McGuire DK, Vega GL, Grundy S, Libby P, de Lemos JA. Interleukin-18, the metabolic syndrome, and subclinical atherosclerosis: results from the Dallas Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27(9): 2043-9.
[4] Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Emeis JJ, Coppack SW. C-reactive protein in healthy subjects: associations with obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction: a potential role for cytokines originating from adipose tissue? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19(4): 972-8.
[5] Zhang YF, Yang YS, Hong J, Gu WQ, Shen CF, Xu M, Du PF, Li XY, Ning G. Elevated serum levels of interleukin-18 are associated with insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine 2006; 29(3): 419-23.
[6] Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, Capeau J, Feve B. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Eur Cytokine Netw 2006; 17(1): 4-12.
[7] Kim JH, Bachmann RA, Chen J. Interleukin-6 and insulin resistance. Vitam Horm 2009; 80: 613-33.
[8] Gokhale R, Chandrashekara S, Vasanthakumar KC. Cytokine response to strenuous exercise in athletes and non-athletes--an adaptive response. Cytokine 2007; 40(2): 123-7.
[9] Srinivasan K, Viswanad B, Asrat L, Kaul CL, Ramarao P. Combination of high-fat diet-fed and low-dose streptozotocin-treated rat: a model for type 2 diabetes and pharmacological screening. Pharmacol Res 2005; 52(4): 313-20.
[10]           Kern PA, Ranganathan S, Li C, Wood L, Ranganathan G. Adipose tissue tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 expression in human obesity and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280(5): E745-51.
[11]           Lundman P, Boquist S, Samnegård A, Bennermo M, Held C, Ericsson CG, Silveira A, Hamsten A, Tornvall P. A high-fat meal is accompanied by increased plasma interleukin-6 concentrations. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2007; 17(3): 195-202.
[12]           Müller S, Martin S, Koenig W, Hanifi-Moghaddam P, Rathmann W, Haastert B, Giani G, Illig T, Thorand B, Kolb H. Impaired glucose tolerance is associated with increased serum concentrations of interleukin 6 and co-regulated acute-phase proteins but not TNF-alpha or its receptors. Diabetologia 2002; 45(6): 805-12.
[13]           Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson SE. Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med 2005; 11(2): 183-90.
[14]           Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, Klein S, Coppack SW. Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82(12): 4196-200.
[15]           Jianjun G. Influence of chronic training with different intensities on the production of cytokines in rat enterocoelia macrophage [J]. Chinese Jouranal of Sports Medicine 1999; 2: 008.
[16]           Junzong P. Effect of different training loads on immunologic parameters in mice [J]. Chinese Jouranal of Sports Medicine 1996; 3.
[17]           Smith JA. Guidelines, standards, and perspectives in exercise immunology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995; 27(4): 497-506.
[18]           Pedersen BK, Ostrowski K, Rohde T, Bruunsgaard H. The cytokine response to strenuous exercise. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; 76(5): 505-11.
[19]           Bagby GJ, Crouch LD, Shepherd RE. Exercise and cytokines: Spontaneous and elicited responses. In: Hoffman-Goetz L (ed.). Exercise and Immune Function. New York: CRC Press, 1996; p: 55-78.
[20]           Cannon JG, Kluger MJ. Endogenous pyrogen activity in human plasma after exercise. Science 1983; 220(4597): 617-9.
[21]           Evans WJ, Meredith CN, Cannon JG, Dinarello CA, Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Jones BH, Knuttgen HG. Metabolic changes following eccentric exercise in trained and untrained men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1986; 61(5): 1864-8.
[22]           Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Weber JS. Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77(6): 1690-4.
[23]           Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 98(4): 1154-62.
[24]           Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The role of IL-6 in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol 2006; 57 Suppl 10: 43-51.
[25]           Tang H, Xie MH, Lei Y, Zhou L, Xu YP, Cai JG. The roles of aerobic exercise training and suppression IL-6 gene expression by RNA interference in the development of insulin resistance. Cytokine 2013; 61(2): 394-405.

 
 
Pathobiology Reserach
Volume 18, Issue 3
October 2015
Pages 109-116