HOW APHIDS AND HYGIENE INSECT PESTS RESPOND TO STRESSFUL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

Document Type : Analytic Review

Authors
S. H. Hodjat 1
M. Kamali 2
1 Jalal Afshar Zoological Museum, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
2 Department of Medical Entomology and Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract
Environmental stressors such as heat, cold, or natural enemies may alter insect genetics, behavior, morphology, or physiology, increasing their offspring's survival. Special traits and variations in population characteristics of insects enhance their resistant genotypes and can lead to adaptation to stressors under local conditions. Insects' reactions to stressors, such as toxins, plant defense toxicants, or insecticides, trigger internal hormonal secretions. Changes in host plants or feeding on blood produce metabolic stress and neural signal responses in insects. Mild stress is often tolerated by insect pests. Continued stress may activate the neuroendocrine system and produce hormones that defend against stress, increasing the pest's tolerance. Mimesis and camouflage in insects are evolutionary responses to escape the stresses of natural enemies. Fluctuating asymmetry and morphological changes in pest populations are also caused by stress. The reaction of cells to stress involves cytogenetic changes and the formation of various proteins through genetic signals that affect cell energy acquisition. In this article, we discuss the effects of stress on a few species of medically important insects and how pests cope with stress factors that affect their biology.

Keywords

Subjects

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Pathobiology Reserach
Volume 27, Issue 3
November 2024
Pages 7-18