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Baghban E, Soleimani M. Microglia in Parkinson's Disease: A Dual Role of M1 and M2 Phenotypes in Neuroinflammation. mjms 2025; 28 (1)
URL: http://mjms.modares.ac.ir/article-30-78993-en.html

Microglia in Parkinson's Disease: A Dual Role of M1 and M2 Phenotypes in Neuroinflammation

Ehsan Baghban¹

, Masoud Soleimani

1- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2- Department of Hematology , Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , soleim_m@modares.ac.ir

Abstract: (521 Views)

As the global population continues to age, the prevalence of Parkinson's Disease (PD) is increasing. PD is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, particularly among the elderly. Its key symptoms include tremors, shaking, movement difficulties, and challenges with balance and coordination. The disease is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in a specific part of the brain, the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the aggregation of the α-synuclein protein within cells. In recent years, research has highlighted the significant role of inflammatory processes in PD pathology. However, it remains unknown If neuroinflammation is a cause or consequence of PD. Strong evidence suggests that microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, play a crucial role in protecting neurons and that dysfunctional and overly activated microglia are present in the brains of individuals with PD. Under normal conditions, microglia are in a "homeostatic" state, but in response to disease-related triggers, they transition to a "reactive state." The transition of microglial phenotypes can result in either pro-inflammatory (M1) or anti-inflammatory (M2) states, each characterized by distinct markers and released substances. Prolonged activation of the M1 phenotype is associated with a range of inflammatory conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Consequently, further investigation into the role of microglia is essential for enhancing our understanding of and therapeutic approaches to PD. This review will delve into the involvement of microglia in the neurodegenerative process of PD and explore the impact of microglia-mediated inflammation on the disease.

Keywords: Microglia, Neuroinflammation, Parkinson's disease, Neurodegeneration

Article Type: Original Research | Subject: Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience
Received: 2025/01/14 | Accepted: 2025/02/7

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