Trichomonas vaginalis Genotyping Isolated from Women of Mahshahr, Iran by Nested-PCR

Authors
E. Moradi
A. Dalimi
J. Sadraei
Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Objective: Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) is a pathogenic protozoan of human reproductive-urinary systems that causes trichomoniasis. The disease is the most important non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Various laboratory methods have been used to diagnose T. vaginalis. Based on the actin gene, 6 genotypes (H, G, E, I, M, N) of T. vaginalis have been identified. In most studies, the clinical samples were cultured initially and then genotyped. In this study, we sought to identify and determine the genotype of T. vaginalis in urine samples from infected women in Mahshahr, Khuzestan Province, Iran.
Methods: Urine samples were collected from 2200 women who referred to the Laboratory of Imam Musa Kazim Hospital of Mahshahr. After microscopical examination, we extracted the parasite’s DNA from 34 positive urine samples. Then, the actin gene of the parasite was amplified by nested-PCR. Finally the PCR products of actin gene were sequenced.
Results: Totally, 34 samples (54.1%) tested positive for T. vaginalis. After sequencing, the genotype of the parasite was identified as E in Mahshahr.
Conclusion: Genotype E of T. vaginalis is the single genotype among women residents of Mahshahr. No genotypic variation was seen.

Keywords

[1]  Johnson RM. Trichomoniasis. In: Medical Parasitology. Edited by Satoskar AR, Simon GL, Hotez PJ, Tsuji M. Austin, Texas USA: Landes Bioscience, 2009; p: 222-6.
[2]  McClelland RS. Trichomonas vaginalis infection: can we afford to do nothing? J Infect Dis 2008; 197(4): 487-9.
[3]  Upcroft JA, Delgadillo-Correa MG, Dunne RL, Sturm AW, Johnson PJ, Upcroft P. Genotyping Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J Parasitol 2006; 36(7): 821-8.
[4]  Meri T, Jokiranta TS, Suhonen L, Meri S. Resistance of Trichomonas vaginalis to metronidazole: report of the first three cases from Finland and optimization of in vitro susceptibility testing under various oxygen concentrations. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38(2): 763-7.
[5]  Kazemi F, Hooshyar H, Zareikar B, Bandehpour M, Arbabi M, Talari S, Alizadeh R, Kazemi B. Study on ITS1 gene of Iranian Trichomonas vaginalis by molecular methods. Iran J Parasitol 2010; 5(4): 9-14.
[6]  Matini M, Rezaeian M, Mohebali M, Maghsood AH, Rabiee S, Rahimi-Foroushani A, Fallah M, Miahipour A, Rezaie S. Genotyping of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates in Iran by using single stranded conformational polymorphism-PCR technique and internal transcribed spacer regions. Trop Biomed 2012; 29(4): 605-12.
[7]  Dalimi A., Shirbazou SH, Ghaffarifar F., Hosseinian K., Jorjani ON., Sharifi Z., Hosseinzadeh N..Molecular diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis by PCR. Kowsar Medical Journal, 2008, 13(3): 179-184. (Persian).
[8]  Ziaei Hezarjaribi H, Taghavi M, Fakhar M, Gholami S. Direct diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection on archived pap smears using Nested PCR. Acta Cytol 2015; 59(1): 104-8.
[9]  Momeni Z, Sadraei J, Kazemi B, Dalimi A. Molecular typing of the actin gene of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by PCR-RFLP in Iran. Exp Parasitol 2015; 159: 259-63.
[10] Figueroa-Angulo EE, Rendón-Gandarilla FJ, Puente-Rivera J, Calla-Choque JS, Cárdenas-Guerra RE, Ortega-López J, Quintas-Granados LI, Alvarez-Sánchez ME, Arroyo R. The effects of environmental factors on the virulence of Trichomonas vaginalis. Microbes Infect 2012; 14(15): 1411-27.
[11] Poynten IM, Grulich AE, Templeton DJ. Sexually transmitted infections in older populations. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2013; 26(1): 80-5.
[12] Calvet HM. Sexually transmitted diseases other than human immunodeficiency virus infection in older adults. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36(5): 609-14.
[13] Rezaeian M, Vatanshenassan M, Rezaie S, Mohebali M, Niromand N, Niyyati M, Farnia S, Babaei Z. Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis using parasitological methods in Tehran. Iranian J Parasitol 2009; 4(4): 43-7.
[14] Kim SR, Kim JH, Gu NY, Kim YS, Hong YC, Ryu JS. Prevalence of Trichomoniasis by PCR in Women Attending Health Screening in Korea. Korean J Parasitol 2016; 54(2): 187-90.
[15] Kriesel JD, Bhatia AS, Barrus C, Vaughn M, Gardner J, Crisp RJ. Multiplex PCR testing for nine different sexually transmitted infections. Int J STD AIDS 2016; 27(14): 1275-1282.
[16] Miranda AE, Pinto VM, Gaydos CA. Trichomonas vaginalis infection among young pregnant women in Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2014; 18(6): 669-71.
[17] Johnston VJ, Mabey DC. Global epidemiology and control of Trichomonas vaginalis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2008; 21(1): 56-64.
[18] Valadkhani Z, Kazemi F, Hassan N, Aghighi Z, Esmaili I, Talebi M. Gene Diversity of Trichomonas vaginalis Isolates. Iran J Parasitol 2011; 6(3): 101-6.
[19] Rabbani M, Saberi B, Jafarian Dehkordi A, Mardanian F. Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis infection by PCR. Shahre Kord University of Medical Sciences, 2003; 5 (1): 4-9. (Persian)
[20] Tavakoli R. Isolation and genotyping of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates in trichomoniasis pateints in Kerman city by PCR-RFLP. MSc thesis in Medical Parasitology, Medical Faculty of Kerman Medical Science University, 2013. (Persian)
[21] Crucitti T, Abdellati S, Van Dyck E, Buvé A. Molecular typing of the actin gene of Trichomonas vaginalis isolates by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14(9): 844-52.
[22] Kaul P, Gupta I, Sehgal R, Malla N. Trichomonas vaginalis: random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic women in India. Parasitol Int 2004; 53(3): 255-62.
[23] Hawksworth J, Levy M, Smale C, Cheung D, Whittle A, Longhurst D, Muir P, Gibson W. Population structure and genetic diversity of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis in Bristol, UK. Infect Genet Evol 2015; 34: 36-43.
Pathobiology Reserach
Volume 20, Issue 1
June 2017
Pages 53-61